Saturday, 28 December 2013

Control of Public Expenditure



The necessity to control public expenditure in order to check misuse of public funds. The most important means of control are as follows -----
1)Budgetary Control:- Budgetary preparation is most primary stage of control of expenditure. Budget is well thought-out plan of governmental activities during the coming year. How much of the public funds are to be spent for which particular activities, which particular department, what should be the allocation of public funds for the use of particular department are all specified in the budget frame.
2)Legislature Control:- After the budget preparation it has to be presented in the legislature for its approval. There occurs debate in the legislature where the members seek clarification and justification of expenditure programs. After the critical study expenditures estimated originally may be enhanced or kept  unchanged according to the merit of the case.
3)Administrative Control:- The rules and regulation ensure that no amount is spent without proper sanction to same other purpose for which it is not sanctioned. There is a elaborate body of rules to fix responsibility on specific executive personnel for the funds spent.
4)Audit Control:-  The next step is scrutiny of the accounts and audit control. Every department has its accounts section which scrutinizes all accounts of  expenditure and ensure that public funds are spent according to rules of property, economy and efficient utilization.

Wednesday, 25 December 2013

Forms of Public Enterprises



There are four main types of public enterprises. These are discussed below.
1.Departmental form of public sector : Some public enterprises run departmentally. They are kept under an appropriate department of the govt. ,financed out of the funds allotted to the department by the legislature and are managed by civil servants belonging to that department. There are some main characteristics of this type.
a) The departmental form of P.E. is an oldest form of public enterprise.
b) The function is responsible to the government.
2. Company form of public enterprises  :- The second form of organization set up of public enterprise is that of joint stock company in its various forms. The company form of organization has been the most popular form for obvious reason. E.g. coal India Limited, Steel Authority of India are the example of company form of public enterprises.
3.Public Corporation :-Public Corporation may be defined as a legal entity created by the govt. but exterior to the govt. organization, hence financially independent for the purpose of carrying on the specified activities in a manner prescribed in the low creating it. According to Herbert Morrison, ‘’Public Corporation is a combination of public ownership, public accountability and business management for public ends.’’ E.g. ONGC, OIL etc..
4.Joint Sector :-Joint sector refers to that organization where the government and public sector works jointly. In such enterprises, the combination of capital provided by the govt. and the management technique is co-exist. The day to day activities of this enterprises are carried out by the board of directors.

Monday, 23 December 2013

  Meaning of  Public Utilities ( ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āωāĻĒāϝোāĻ—ী āϏেā§ąা )

      ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āωāĻĒāϝোāĻ—ী āϏেā§ąা āĻŦুāϞিāϞে āĻāύে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻŽাāύ āϏেā§ąাāĻ• āĻŦুāϜাāϝ় , āϝিāĻŦোā§° āϏাāĻŽাāϜিāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦাā§°্āĻĨ āĻĒূā§°āĻŖā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ে āϝোāĻ—াāύ āϧ⧰ে ৷ āϝেāύে :- āĻĒাāύী āϝোāĻ—াāύ ,āĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝুā§Ž āϝোāĻ—াāύ , āĻĒā§°িāĻŦāĻšāύ ,āϝোāĻ—াāϝোāĻ— āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি ৷āĻāύে āϏেā§ąাā§° āϝোāĻ—াāύ āϜāύāϏাāϧাā§°āĻŖā§° āĻ•āϞ্āϝাāĻŖā§° āĻĻিāĻļā§° āĻĒā§°া āχāĻŽাāύেāχ āĻ—ুā§°ুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূā§°্āĻŖ āϝে āĻāχāĻŦোā§°ā§° āϝোāĻ—াāύ⧰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্ā§°āϤ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāϝোāĻ—িāϤাā§° āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āϜāύāϏাāϧাā§°āĻŖā§° āĻ•াā§°āĻŖে āĻŽংāĻ—āϞāϜāύāĻ• āύāĻšāϝ় ৷
Characteristics of Public Utilities services-

1)      āĻĒ্ā§°āϝ়োāϜāύীāϝ় āϏেā§ąা :-
       āĻāύে āϏেā§ąাāχ āĻŽাāύুāĻšā§° āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻŽাāύ āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ• āĻ…āĻ­াā§ą ,āϝেāύে: āĻĒাāύী āϝোāĻ—াāύ, āĻĒোāĻšā§°, āĻĒā§°িāĻŦāĻšāύ,āϝোāĻ—াāϝোāĻ— āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻĒূā§°āĻŖ āϕ⧰ে ৷ āĻāύে āϏেā§ąা āĻ•োāύো āĻŦিāĻ­েāĻĻ āύāϕ⧰াāĻ•ৈ āĻ…āϤি āϏূāϞāĻ­ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝāϤ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻাāύ āϕ⧰া āĻšāϝ় ৷

2)      āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āĻāĻ•āϚেāϟিāϝ়া āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāϏাāϝ় :-
    ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āωāĻĒāϝোāĻ—ী āϏেā§ąা āϏāĻŽূāĻšā§° āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াংāĻļ āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াā§ąিāĻ• āĻāĻ•āϚেāϟিāϝ়া āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāϏাāϝ়ā§° āĻ…ā§°্āύ্āϤāĻ­ূāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāϝ় ৷ āύূāύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻŦ্āϝāϝ়āϤ āωāϚ্āϚ āĻŽাāύāĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄā§° āϏেā§ąা āϝোāĻ—াāύ⧰ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ āφ⧰ু āĻ•্ā§°āĻŽāĻš্ā§°াāϏāĻŽাāύ āĻŦ্āϝāϝ়ā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻāύে āϏেā§ąাā§°  āĻ•্āώেāϤ্ā§°āϤ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāϝোāĻ—িāϤাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āĻŦāϜাā§° āωāĻĻ্āĻ­ā§ą āύāĻšāϝ় ৷

3)       āĻ…āĻŦিā§°āϤ  āϚাāĻšিāĻĻা :-
    āĻĒাāύী āϝোāĻ—াāύ ,āĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝুā§Ž āϝোāĻ—াāύ ,āϝোāĻ—াāϝোāĻ— āφāĻĻিā§° āĻĻā§°ে ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āωāĻĒāϝোāĻ—ী āϏেā§ąা āϏāĻŽূāĻšā§° āϚাāĻšিāĻĻা āĻ…āĻŦিā§°āϤ ৷

4)      āĻ…āĻšāϏ্āϤাāύ্āϤ⧰āϝোāĻ—্āϝ :-
    ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āωāĻĒāϝোāĻ—ী āϏেā§ąাāϏāĻŽূāĻš āĻšāϏ্āϤাāύ্āϤ⧰ āϝোāĻ—্āϝ āύāĻšāϝ় ৷āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨ্āϝাā§Ž āĻāϜāύ āĻ•্ā§°েāϤাāχ ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āωāĻĒāϝোāĻ—ী āϏেā§ąাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āϚাāĻšিāĻĻা āĻāϜāύ āĻŦিāĻ•্ā§°েāϤাā§° āĻĒā§°া āφāύ āĻāϜāύāϞৈ āĻšāϏ্āϤাāύ্āϤ⧰ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āύোā§ąাā§°ে ৷

5)      āύিāĻŽ্āύ āĻŦাā§°্āώিāĻ• āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāĻĻাāύ :-
   āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāϏাāϝ়ā§° āϤুāϞāύাāϤ ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āωāĻĒāϝোāĻ—ী āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāώ্āĻ াāύ āĻŦোā§°ā§° āĻŦাā§°্āώিāĻ• āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāĻĻাāύ āϏাāϧাā§°āĻŖāϤে āĻ•āĻŽ āĻšāϝ়৷āĻāύে āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāώ্āĻ াāύে āĻĒ্ā§°āϝ়োāϜāύীāϝ় āϏেā§ąাāϏāĻŽূāĻš āϏূ্āϞāĻ­ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝāϤ āφāĻ—āĻŦāĻĸ়োā§ąা āĻŦাāĻŦে  āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāώ্āĻ াāύāϟোāϤ āĻŽুāĻ  āĻŽূāϞāϧāύ āĻŦিāύিāϝ়োāĻ—āϤāĻ•ৈ āĻŦাā§°্āώিāĻ•  āĻŽুāĻ  āĻŦিāĻ•্ā§°ী āφāϝ় āĻ•āĻŽ āĻšāϝ় ৷

Objectives of Public Utility Services

1)      āϏ⧰্āĻŦāϤোāĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াā§°ে āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ— āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύāϤ āϏāĻšাāϝ় āϕ⧰া ৷
2)      āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ— āϏ্āĻšাāĻĒāύāϤ āĻŦৃāĻšā§Ž āĻĒā§°িāĻŽাāύ⧰ āĻŦিāύিāϝ়োāĻ— ৷
3)      āϜāύāϏাāϧাā§°āĻŖā§° āϏাāĻŽূāĻšিāĻ• āĻ…āĻ­াā§ą āĻĻূā§°ীāϕ⧰āĻŖ ৷
4)       āϏāĻŽ āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻŦিāĻ•াāĻļ ৷
5)      āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻļāĻ•্āϤিā§° āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্ā§°ীāϕ⧰āĻŖāϤ āĻŦাāϧা ৷
6)      āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ী āφঁāϚāύিā§° āĻ•াā§°্āϝāϕ⧰ীāϕ⧰āĻŖāϤ āϏāĻšাāϝ় ৷ āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি৷


                                                      āĻĒাā§°্āĻļ্āĻŦāϜ্āϝোāϤি>>



Saturday, 21 December 2013

PUBLIC FINANCE

                                        


Govt. of every country has to perform certain activities which can broadly be classified under two headings namely obligatory and optional. Maintenance of peace and liberty and sovereignty are some of the obligatory functions while provision of educational facility, medical facilities etc. are some of the optional functions. To perform all these functions efficiently and adequately, govt. needs a huge fund of money. Public finance basically concerns with studying the source and maintenance of govt. funds. Therefore the main scope of public finance is public revenue, public expenditure, public debt and financial administration. 

Wednesday, 18 December 2013

Characteristics of Public Enterprises ( ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āĻ–āĻŖ্āĻĄā§° āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ—ā§° āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝ )

1)      āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ā§° āĻĻ্āĻŦাā§°া āĻŦিāϤ্āϤ⧰ āϝোāĻ—াāύ  :-
     ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āĻ–āĻŖ্āĻĄā§° āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ—āϏāĻŽূāĻšāϞৈ āϏাāϧাā§°āĻŖāϤে āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ে āĻŦিāϤ্āϤ⧰ āϝোāĻ—াāύ āϧ⧰ে ৷

2)      āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ā§° āĻĒā§°িāϚাāϞāύা :-

     ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āĻ–āĻŖ্āĻĄā§° āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ—āϏāĻŽূāĻš āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ে āĻĒā§°িāϚাāϞāύা āϕ⧰ে ৷āĻāύে āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ—āϏāĻŽূāĻš āĻĒā§°িāϚাāϞāύাā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ে āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻĒā§°িāϚাāϞāύা āϏāĻŽিāϤি āĻ—āĻ āύ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°ে

3)      āĻŦিāϤ্āϤীāϝ় āϏ্āĻŦāϤāύ্āϤ্ā§°āϤা :-
      āϝāĻĻিāĻ“ ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ—āĻŦোā§°āϤ āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ে āĻŦিāύিāϝ়োāĻ— āϕ⧰ে āϤāĻĨাāĻĒিāĻ“ āĻāύে āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ—āĻŦোā§° āĻŦিāϤ্āϤীāϝ় āĻ•্āώেāϤ্ā§°āϤ āϏ্āĻŦāϤāύ্āϤ্ā§° āĻšāϝ় ৷ āĻĻৈāύāύ্āĻĻিāύ āĻĒ্ā§°āϝ়োāϜāύীāϝ়āϤাā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻāύে āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ— āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ā§° āĻ“āĻĒā§°āϤ āύিā§°্āĻ­ā§°āĻļীāϞ āύāĻšāϝ় ৷

4)      ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āϏেā§ąা :-
     ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ— āϏাāĻŽাāϜিāĻ• āϏেā§ąাā§° āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ⧰ āĻĻ্āĻŦাā§°া āĻĒā§°িāϚাāϞিāϤ āĻšāϝ় ৷ āĻāύে āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ—ā§° āĻŽূāĻ–্āϝ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ āĻšৈāĻ›ে āϏাāĻŽাāϜিāĻ• āϏেā§ąা āφāĻ—āĻŦāĻĸ়োā§ąা ৷

5)      āĻāĻ•āϚেāϟীāϝ়া āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāϏাāϝ় :-
    āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻŽাāύ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্ā§°āϤ  ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ—ে āĻāĻ•āϚেāϟীāϝ়া āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāϏাāϝ় āϕ⧰ে ৷āϝেāύে :- āĻ­াā§°āϤীāϝ় ā§°ে’āϞ  ৷āĻāύে āĻ•্āώেāϤ্ā§°āĻŦোā§°āϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—āϤ āĻ–āĻŖ্āĻĄāĻ• āϏোāĻŽাāĻŦāϞৈ āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি āĻĻিāϝ়া āύāĻšāϝ় ৷


6)           ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āĻ–āĻŖ্āĻĄā§° āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ—ে āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ী āĻĒā§°িāĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāύা āĻ•াā§°্āϝāϕ⧰ীāϕ⧰āĻŖāϤ āϏāĻšাāϝ় āϕ⧰ে  ৷

 Public enterprise (ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ—)


   āϝিāĻŦোā§° āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ—ā§° āĻŽাāϞিāĻ•ীāϏ্āĻŦāϤ্āĻŦ āφ⧰ু āĻĒā§°িāϚাāϞāύাā§° āĻĻাāϝ়িāϤ্āĻŦ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূā§°্āĻŖā§°ুāĻĒে āĻŦা āφংāĻļিāĻ•āĻ­াā§ąে āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ā§° āĻšাāϤāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে āϤেāύেāĻŦোā§° āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ—āĻ•ে ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ— āĻŦোāϞে ৷āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĻেāĻļā§° āĻĻā§°িāĻĻ্ā§°āϤা ,āύিā§ąāύুā§ąা āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝা āφ⧰ু āĻ”āĻĻ্āϝোāĻ—িāĻ• āĻ…āύāĻ—্ā§°āϏ⧰āϤা āĻĻূā§° āϕ⧰াā§° āϞāĻ—āϤে āĻŽূāϞāϧāύ āĻ—āĻ āύāϤো āϏāĻšাāϝ় āϕ⧰ি ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ— āĻ–āĻŖ্āĻĄāχ āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻŦিāĻ•াāĻļā§° āĻ—āϤি  āĻ•্āώীāĻĒ্ā§° āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°ে ৷

     A.H. Hansen –ā§° āĻŽāϤে , “ Public enterprise means state ownership and operation of industrial,agricultural,financial and commercial understandings .”


     N.N Mallya ā§° āĻŽāϤে , “ ā§°াāϜāĻšুā§ąা āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ— āĻš’āϞ, ā§°াāώ্āϟ্ā§°ā§° āĻĻ্āĻŦাā§°া āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্ā§°িāϤ āĻ”āĻĻ্āϝোāĻ—িāĻ•  āφ⧰ু āĻŦাāĻŖিāϜ্āϝিāĻ• āĻ•াā§°্āϝ⧰ āϞāĻ—āϤ āϜāĻĄ়িāϤ āϏ্āĻŦāϤāύ্āϤ্ā§° āĻŦা āĻ…ā§°্āϧāϏ্āĻŦāϤāύ্āϤ্ā§° āύিāĻ—āĻŽ āĻŦা āĻ•োāĻŽ্āĻĒাāύী ৷”

Tuesday, 17 December 2013

what is Deflation { āĻŽুāĻĻ্ā§°া āϏংāĻ•োāϚāύ āĻ•ি ? }

    āχ āĻŽুāĻĻ্ā§°াāϏ্āĻĢীāϤিā§° āĻŦিāĻĒā§°ীāϤ āĻ…ā§ąāϏ্āĻĨা ৷ āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨ্āϝাā§Ž, āĻŽুāĻĻ্ā§°া āϏংāĻ•োāϚāύ āĻšৈāĻ›ে āĻāύে āĻāĻ• āĻ…ā§ąāϏ্āĻĨা āϝিāϟো āĻ…ā§ąāϏ্āĻĨাāϤ āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨāύীāϤি āĻāĻ–āύāϤ āĻŽুāĻĻ্ā§°াā§° āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻĒাāϝ় āφāύāĻšাāϤে āĻĻā§°āϏ্āϤ⧰ āĻš্ā§°াāϏ āĻĒাāϝ় ৷
    āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨāύীāϤিāĻŦিāĻĻ āĻĒিāĻ—ুā§° āĻŽāϤে āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻিāϤ āĻĻ্ā§°āĻŦ্āϝ āφ⧰ু āϏেā§ąাā§° āĻĒā§°িāĻŽাāύ āĻŽুāĻĻ্ā§°া āφāϝ়ā§° āϤুāϞāύাāϤ āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āĻš’āϞে āĻŽুāĻĻ্ā§°া āϏংāĻ•োāϚāύ āϘāϟে ৷
   āĻŽুāĻĻ্ā§°া āϏংāĻ•োāϚāύ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āϧাāύ āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝāϏāĻŽূāĻš āĻš’āϞ-
        āĻ•] āĻŽুāĻĻ্ā§°া āφāϝ়ā§° āĻĒā§°িāĻŽাāύāϤāĻ•ৈ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•ৃāϤ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻŦেāĻ›ি āĻšāϝ় ৷
        āĻ–] āĻŦāϜাā§°āϤ āĻŽুāĻĻ্ā§°াā§° āϚাāĻšিāĻĻাāϤāĻ•ৈ āĻŽুāĻĻ্ā§°াā§° āĻĒā§°িāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻĨাāĻ•ে ৷

        āĻ—] āĻĻ্ā§°āĻŦ্āϝ āϏাāĻŽāĻ—্ā§°ীā§° āϚাāĻšিāĻĻাāϤāĻ•ৈ āϝোāĻ—াāύ āĻŦেāĻ›ি āĻĨাāĻ•ে৷
Net Indirect Tex(NIT)
Net Indirect Tex refers to the difference between indirect taxes and subsidies. i.e.
                   NIT=Indirect Taxes - Subsidies.
The concept of NIT is very important to differenciate between factor cost and market  price of a commodity.
Therefore,
               Market Price= factor cost + NIT
               Factor Cost= Market Price - NIT.

Net Factor Income from Abroad(NFIA)
NFIA refers to difference between factor income received from the rest of the world (ROW) and factor income paid to the rest of the world. i.e.
                    NFIA= Factor income earned from abroad - factor income paid to the abroad.
NFIA is significant to differenciate between domestic income and national income. i.e.
                     National Income(NI)=Domestic income + NFIA.
                     Domestic income =National income - NFIA .
 

what is Inflation ( āĻŽুāĻĻ্ā§°াāϏ্āĻĢীāϤি āĻ•ি ? )


   āϏাāϧাā§°āĻŖ āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨāϤ āĻŽুāĻĻ্ā§°াāϏ্āĻĢীāϤি āĻŦুāϞিāϞে āφāĻŽি āĻĻā§° āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻšোā§ąাāĻ•ে āĻŦুāϜোঁ ৷ āĻ…āϞāĻĒ āĻŦāĻšāϞ āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨāϤ āĻ•’āĻŦāϞৈ āĻ—āϞে āĻŽুāĻĻ্ā§°াāϏ্āĻĢীāϤি āĻšৈāĻ›ে āĻāύে āĻāĻ• āĻ…ā§ąāϏ্āĻĨা, āϝি āĻ…ā§ąāϏ্āĻĨাāϤ āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨāύীāϤি āĻāĻ–āύāϤ āϏ্āĻĨাāϝ়ী āφ⧰ু āĻ…āĻŦিā§°āϤāĻ­াā§ąে āĻŽূāϞ্āϝāϏ্āϤ⧰ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻšāϝ় āφ⧰ু āĻŽূāĻĻ্ā§°াā§° āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ⧰ āĻ…ā§ąāύāϤি āϘāϟে ৷ āĻŽুāĻĻ্ā§°াāϏ্āĻĢীāϤি āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒā§°্āĻ•āϤ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨāύীāϤিāĻŦিāĻĻে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύāύ āϧ⧰āĻŖā§° āϏংāϜ্āĻžা āĻĻাāĻ™ি āϧ⧰িāĻ›ে –
   
    āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ• Coulbourn ā§° āĻŽāϤে, Inflation is a situation of too much money chasing too few goods.”
       
     āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ•  Crowther āϝ়ে āĻ•ৈāĻ›ে āϝে , “ Inflation is a state in which the value of money is falling i.e. prices rising.”
        
     āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻāϜāύ āĻŦিāĻļিāώ্āϟ āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨāύীāϤিāĻŦিāĻĻ Gregory ā§° āĻŽāϤে , “ Inflation is a state of abnormal increasing the quantity of purchasing power .”

    
     āĻŽুāĻĻ্ā§°াāϏ্āĻĢীāϤি āĻĒ্ā§°āϧাāύāĻ•ৈ āĻāĻ• āĻŽৌāĻĻ্ā§°িāĻ• āĻŦিāώāϝ় ৷ āχāϝ়াā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϧাāύ āϞāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āĻšৈāĻ›ে āĻ…āĻŦিā§°āϤ āφ⧰ু āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–āϝোāĻ—্āϝāĻ­াā§ąে āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻĒোā§ąা āĻŽূāϞ্āϝāϏ্āϤ⧰ ৷ āĻŦā§°্āϤāĻŽাāύ āϏāĻŽāϝ়āϤ āĻŽূāĻĻ্ā§°াāϏ্āĻĢীāϤি āĻĒৃāĻĨিā§ąীā§° āĻĒ্ā§°াāϝ়āĻŦোā§° āĻĻেāĻļā§° āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨāύীāϤিā§°ে āĻāĻ• āĻĒ্ā§°āϧাāύāϤāĻŽ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝা āĻšৈ āĻĒā§°িāĻ›ে ৷